Inkanas Kepri

Selamat Datang di Blog Institut Karate-Do Nasional Pengurus Daerah Propinsi Kepulauan Riau
Showing posts with label Artikel. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Artikel. Show all posts

Monday, September 5, 2011

Karate - The Spirit Of Practice

Karate - The Spirit Of Practice


When your back is against the wall you must either suffer or triumph. I wish I had a dollar for the times I've heard that saying. But after surviving the first problem "the assault" you must consider problem number two which may involve such things as police interviews, lawyers and courts etc.
As in other aspects of self-protection chain it is best to consider these aspects in advance. In other words, have a game plan and stick to it at a critical time. That said; let's move on to the topic of different approaches to combat. Traditional or combative, it's your choice.
Unlike the traditional Japanese way of the sword where a full blow upon the head, face, arm or legs could spell death the combatives school of thought is less predictable than the regimented traditional sword or karate approach, and is thus harder to defend against.
It's true, a lot of modern-day combative trainers do not think much of the traditional type of martial arts training because they are influenced by all sorts of philosophical and mathematical considerations. You see, combative training stresses a more physical approach relying on the basis of hit first, hard and with bad intent. Yes, not encouraged in traditional karate circles because it is against their philosophy, there is no first strike in karate. Right?
On top of that, and in my opinion and others most real fighting takes place close in. Whereby, rendering many techniques taught in modern-day karate which is geared for competition fighting only useless in a real confrontation where close in weapons such as: knees, elbows and dirty tactics are employed to win at all costs.
After all, in the street your life or that of others may depend on it. You are not there to win a nice big trophy. And I'm afraid a valiant heart alone will not be enough to prevail in a real unprovoked vicious ambush type attack.Unfortunately these words have been vindicated by many a so-called martial art black belt expert to their cost. They have had to learn the hard way.
This echoes some of the problems of the present-day karate-ka who are presented with on the one hand karate training and a system of self - defence and on the other as a competitive sport which operates under very restrictive rules.
Combative training on the other hand teaches people how to survive in very violent times and in situations where they could expect to be attacked in different ways. Combative training tends to use extreme force to subdue an attacker some might consider it excessive today.
However, because of the hard-earned knowledge gained over the many years of research mainly via the military from conflicts around the world into what works and what does not then taking those same techniques and adapting them for wider civilian use. Then wouldn't you agree? If not for any other reason than that stated above, combative type training deserves serious attention from those martial artists seriously interested in self-protection?

As I have stated before, before, simple close in techniques using a limited number of striking and kicking techniques combined with an aggressive spirit works best in a confrontation which is by its very nature stressful. There is nothing in combative training that can be called sporting, fighting is a serious business which in some circumstances can lead to death.
Today, many modern schools of martial arts pay lip service to the needs of self-defence, and structure their training on developing competition fighters whose techniques and skills may not be the most useful on the street against the modern-day thug we may one day have to face.
Therefore, at some point the practitioner must make a choice, ultimately choosing between a martial art or a fighting art. He either pursues some art that takes him on a spiritual journey in touch with others and the universe, or takes up a discipline that will teach him to become a ruthless fighting machine.
But don't take to long to decide will you? Because some sweaty, smelly and violent, don't care who it is I hurt low life, might just want to beat the living crap out of you simply for the fun of it. Worst of all, if you believe that your none-contact martial art you have studied for the past five years is going to save you from a severe beating or worse, then you had better think again my friend.
You can talk and philosophise all you like but you had better been doing some sort of practical training in what really works as well. If you have not practised free exchange of techniques and by that I mean physical encounters (full-contact) and scenario training then you are not practising realistic fighting and you are not doing a martial art.
With that said, you would do well to look up and follow the words of a well-known karate master, Itosu, Sensei, when he said Do and Jutsu, one without the other is pointless.
Stay safe.
Buzz Campion
How much is your safety worth? Close Combat instructor, Buzz Campion, is the author of two very useful and informative self defence and awarness books that will teach every man or women how to avoid or defend themselves against an unprovoked violent attack in the home at work or in the street. http://www.simpleselfdefenceforwomen.com, http://www.simpleselfdefencetactics.com

Create Your Own Internet Dojo And Learn Karate Online Free!

Create Your Own Internet Dojo And Learn Karate Online Free!


Karate is one of the most intense martial arts in the world. It is one of the most efficient, invigorating disciplines, and it'll make you strong and fast and able to kick like a mule. In this bit of writing I will tell you how to learn Karate online free, and I mean totally free.

First, you are going to need a work out area. Usually this is a garage or patio, or just someplace where you can push stuff aside, hang a bag, and move around freely. As simple as this sounds, I would recommend putting up a sign...it claims the property as yours and establishes your space.

Go behind a carpet store and dig through their dumpster for some rug samples. You can dig a hole and brace a two by four with rocks, and you can nail the rug samples on this for punching and kicking. You can tack the samples on the studs in a garage, but be careful you don't end up cracking windows or 'bending' the structure.
Sweep your dojo floor clean, and if you can find a whole rug in that dumpster you've got a work out mat. Hook up a TV with and hook up a connection to the net. Your own private dojo (training hall) is ready, and now it's time to learn.

Get on the internet and Google 'Learn Karate Online Free.' You will find a few sites that are offering intros. Take advantage of those intros, watch them, print them out if possible, and head out to your dojo and start your basic exercises.

Having studied the basic movements, and they are pretty much the same for most Karate systems, you want to go to youtube and look for the following Karate forms. Karate Kata Heian one, Heian two, and on through Heian five. These are the basic forms of the major karate schools (they are also called pinan one, pinan two, etc), and you will find many videos of them have been posted.

You should pay close attention to the applications of the kata, which are often called bunkai, and practice them separately from the forms. Make sure you have a partner, start slowly, and practice until your speed picks up naturally. You can also search for things like Heian two bunkai.

Once you have learned these five basic Karate Kata, you can research Karate further and decide what kind of advanced forms you wish to study. Bear in mind that this method will take a long time, but it is worthwhile doing, if only to find an internet dojo that deals in Karate courses online. When you learn Karate Online Free you are in for a heck of a good time, and a learning experience like none you have ever imagined...and I wish you the very best of luck on your journey.

You can get a Real Karate Black Belt fast. Head on over on over over to Learn Karate Online and find out how!

Friday, September 2, 2011

Karate Learning Tips For Beginners

Author:

Imran ali
For Karate beginners it is important to attend classes of one session in a week, as the learning process progresses then you can surely increase the number of weekly sessions. If you ask me I myself would advise those who are new to karate to make the schedule of getting a karate session in a week and they should carry on this routine for almost first 3 to 6 months, and when this is done then they can start taking 2 sessions on weekly basis. There are lots of tricks and techniques for you to learn and practicing them again and again is the ideal way to master those tactics. If you have been acquiring the training of karate in an institute since the last six months but still you are taking only a single session in a week then it means your learning process is slow either you are not picking the tricks timely or you are not practicing them regularly. This would be definitely a big negative point for you as you may need to put a lot of effort to keep up with your class mates and it may also result in making you disillusioned.


My point for the beginners is that if they keep on getting only a session in a week for several months then their progress rate would be quite slow as compared to the other guys and this will put them far behind the other fellows who are quick in learning and progressing and this may lead to hopelessness in them and it is possible that a time may come when they suddenly decide to quit their training without acquiring much knowledge about different techniques of karate. Therefore the idea is to practice different techniques taught at the training institute at regular basis this will really help you to progress quickly and positively.

It has been seen that many learners of karate start their training with the schedule of one training session weekly and after some time they are still having only one session in a week and then a few months later they observe that they are still there from where they had started. I mean that they find no or very little progress in their karate training so this creates a sense of desperation in their mind and after some time they come to their trainer and say that they are not eligible for karate course and wish to quit it immediately. So if you are a beginner and wish to learn quickly then you should increase the number of weekly sessions timely.


About the Author
Check out and download the useful self defense videos and buy the cheap martial arts weapons for your self defense.

Sunday, August 14, 2011

Karate Can Be A Great Hobby To Get Fit

Author :     Paul Campbell

Karate as a sport and hobby is fast picking up popularity amongst Stourbridge residents. There are several renowned Karate clubs which conduct Karate classes in Stourbridge. Most of the Karate classes in Stourbridge offer karate lessons to both, hobby karate enthusiasts and competitive Karate enthusiasts. Hobby Karate lessons focus on building strength and endurance while the competitive karate lesson also focus on pattern of moves and kicking and punching techniques. Some of the students of Karate classes in Stourbridge have even represented F.E.K.O (Federation England Karate Organization).

Some of the Salient features of Karate classes at Stourbridge are: The Karate classes at Stourbridge are conducted by certified instructors. The instructors are fully insured. The instructors are CRB (Criminal record bureau) cleared to work with children. Some of the Karate classes at Stourbridge also have certified physical trainers. These trainers guide the students to healthy diet and weight management practices to enhance their performance in the discipline of Karate.

Karate classes at Stourbridge focus on the holistic development of mind and body. The Karate classes not only comprise of lesson that teach the art of Karate to students but also train the students in social and leadership aspects. They teach the students the virtue of non violence and respect for others.

There is no age bar for taking the karate classes at Stourbridge. Children from young age of four to adults of any age can enroll. Most of the Karate Classes at Stourbridge take special care of safety of young children. The Karate classes at Stourbridge also conduct lessons for children and adults with special needs.

With the training from Karate classes at Stourbridge you will be able to excel in any Karate style of your choice. But to master the art of Karate one has to be disciplined.

Mentioned below are some tips that would help you get the best out of your karate classes:

To maintain the momentum from the Karate classes at Stourbridge, its important that you attend them regularly. Tiredness and fatigue from your daily routine or previous karate classes may lure you to make excuses, but do not be tempted into missing your karate classes.

While taking your Karate classes keep your mind free from any kind of stress or disturbing thoughts. These distracters do not let you to focus on the lessons and can even affect your performance. Push out all your worries out of your mind when entering the Karate classes

Be social and friendly. Talk to your colleagues and instructors in a friendly manner. Try to be a team player. Ask for feedback on your performance from your instructor and colleagues. Constructive feedback from your them can help you know your weakness and make it easy for you to improve your Karate skills. Every student is different. Do not compare yourself with others in the Karate class. There will always be students who are faster and better than you but your goal should be to perform better than yourself every time. Last but not the least, keep practicing. Keep practicing the moves taught in every Karate class. The key to mastering any karate style is practice.

Seriously pursuing the Karate whether as a hobby or as a combat style can help discover a new you.

About the Author
For karate classes in Stourbridge please visit dudley shukokai karate club
or dudley karate

Karate - The Most Renowned Form Of Martial Arts

Author:    Paul Campbell

Karate is one of the most renowned and popular form of martial arts. It originated from Japan and has spread all over the world. Karate classes are conducted in what is called a 'Dojo,' which is a Japanese term for training area. But karate can be practiced anywhere. Karate means 'empty handed' which means using the body as a weapon.

Some benefits of Karate include: Greater confidence. Imparts power and endurance. Imparts discipline. The stances in Karate give greater balance. Teaches the virtue of patience and perseverance.

If you are a Karate aspirant residing in Briery Hill, then you can find many Karate classes in Briery Hill dedicated to different Karate styles. The study of discipline of Karate can discourage its students in many ways, if it is not learnt with the right attitude. To learn Karate in Briery Hill, first find a good Karate school and then enquire about the Karate styles taught at those karate classes at Briery Hill.

Taking Karate classes at Briery hill will be most beneficial when a \'can do\' attitude is developed. Adopting a positive attitude towards learning and practicing Karate is very helpful. Everyone who starts to learn Karate, face their own share of disappointments in the initial stages. But eventually the one who carries on with determination is the winner.

Establish your goals for taking Karate classes. Different people learn Karate for different reasons: Do you want to learn Karate as a sport? Do you want to learn Karate as a hobby? Do you want to take Karate classes to learn self defense? Do you want to take Karate classes for Physical fitness or exercise?

Different karate classes at Briery hill have different customs and traditions. Some classes prefer traditional method where bowing to the opponent is required at first while others do not; some classes require addressing the instructor as \'Sansei\' while others do not. Inquire about the requirements and such traditions right in the beginning of the Karate classes. Display respect and gratitude towards your instructor and fellow team members by every means possible.

Most of the Karate classes at Briery hills are about an hour in length and begin with some warm up exercises. First few Karate classes at Briery Hills teach rudimentary techniques of Karate which may include basic punches and blocking moves. The key to mastering the art of Karate is strict discipline. Continue going to the class at least three days in the beginning. You may suffer from fatigue and sore muscles after first few Karate classes. Continue going to the classes till you get a good hang of the moves and techniques so that you can practice them on your own.

As they say, practice makes a man perfect. Keep practicing the moves and techniques as much as possible in order to attain perfection in your Karate skills.

About the Author
If you are interested in dudley shukokai karate club or dudley karate then you may want to consider Paul Campbell

Karate Uniform

Author:   Gene Frazier

When you talk about karate, the first thing that often comes to one\'s mind is karate. Indeed karate has become so popular nowadays that not only adults are practicing it but also young ones who are fond of exciting and adventurous activities.

There are many benefits of karate. One of them is that it gives one an opportunity to maintain good health. Karate allows the body to develop properly and sheds off those fats in the body. Karate lessons does not only give students the strategy to fend off bad elements or offensive moves but also attaches healthy tips to its practitioner. Women for the most part keep karate on their side so that they can stay in shape. Karate can also help in forming one\'s character. If you may have noticed, children and adults as well who are into karate have different traits and a rather well mannered way. This is because aside from physical strength, discipline and respect are also taught in karate schools.

However, to be able to perform karate, one has to keep in mind the proper karate uniform. This is necessary not only for profession purpose but also for a more proper and easier performance of karate lessons. A karate uniform is called a karategi. When you look at it, it seems that is similar with a judogi, the one used in Judo. This is because they are commonly white in color and has a loose fit. However, there are many differences of a karategi with a judogi. First, karategi is way looser and lighter than the other. The reason behind this is that karate requires the practitioner to actually do a lot of kicking, punching and striking in contrast with Judo which needs a tougher clothe.

The karate uniform is cut from a light and freer clothe, similar to that of a summer shirt. Karategi uniforms are usually least made of a 10 oz cotton canvas. They stand up to more rigorous applications that is also required in karate discipline. However, those who are already experts in karate tend to use heavier clothes which they are already got used of. This is because they are more durable and they actually suit to the needs of experts. There are many different styles of Karate uniforms. They share a common color yet slightly differ in the lengths of sleeves, legs and the skirt of the uwagi (jacket). Many karateka or karate practitioners tend to wear their obi (belt) much longer than judoka and other martial artists.


There are many shops who offer ready-made karate uniforms but the best thing to do is have yourself tailored fit. This allows more comfort to the wearer. Karate schools often make additional decorations too in their own karate uniforms to differentiate them with others. Children are especially picky when it comes to the comfort of their clothes so if you are thinking of buying your child a karate uniform, then see to it that it will suit the need and comfort of your child.


About the Author
For more information about <a href='http://freebronxkarate.com/karate-uniform/'>Kids Karate</a>, Check out <a href='http://freebronxkarate.com'>Free Bronx Karate</a>.




The Benefits Of Joining A Karate Club Can Be Amazing

Author:   Paul Campbell

As the awareness about the benefits of taking Karate lessons is increasing, more and more people are turning towards learning Karate. Karate lessons can have life changing effect on practitioners. There are several advantages of practicing Karate as a discipline, some of them are: The stances and moves in Karate increase hand eye coordination and body reflexes. This is helpful in improving the driving skills of the adults and agility in kids. Karate lessons increase the ability to focus and concentrate in children and adults alike. If you are looking for an exercise that help you reduce weight and maintain a lean muscular structure, then Karate is an ideal art form to learn. Karate lessons give you an invaluable self defense weapon that is there with you all the time. Besides increasing power and strength, karate lessons induce tremendous positive energy in you and increase your overall physical and mental well being. Karate lessons provide an outlet to the stress and tension that builds up in the routine of the daily life. Karate is an excellent form of exercise which can not only help to reduce and maintain a healthy weight but also increase bodily flexibility.

For those of you who are serious about taking up Karate lessons and are resident of briery Hill, there are several clubs offering professional and hobby Karate lessons at Briery hill.

Whether you are interested in taking Karate lessons yourself or want your kid to take one, there is one just right for your at Briery Hill. The main features of Karate lessons at Briery Hill are:

You or your kid can take Karate lessons at Briery hills that just suit your interest. There are hobby karate lessons and professional Karate lessons at Briery hills that you or your kid can enroll for. For competitive Karate enthusiasts there are Kata (patterns and form of moves) and Kumite lessons (kicking and punching technique) lessons.

Most of the instructors delivering the Karate lessons are cleared by CRB (Criminal record board) to work with children. Some Karate clubs imparting the Karate lessons at Briery hill also provide full insurance to the students to safeguard their interest in any event of mishap.

Some Karate clubs imparting the Karate lessons at Briery hill also have Physical trainers on board who guide the students about healthy diet and weight management practices to help them enhance their performance.

No age is underage and no age too old to start taking up the Karate lessons at Briery Hill. From four year olds to adults of any age can start taking up the Karate lessons at Briery hill. Children with special needs such as those having problems in learning, hyperactivity and attention deficit hyper activity disorder (ADHD) are even clinically advised to take Karate lesson because of the structured nature of the training techniques.

Karate as a discipline is a holistic approach towards overall personality development. It not only teaches a combat style but also a way to live. If you have been thinking about taking karate lessons for long, this is the right time to get into the action.


About the Author
If you are interested in dudley shukokai karate or karate in dudley then you may want to consider PCkarate

The Positive aspects of Little ones Discovering Karate

Author: Matthew Hooper

Thirdly, karate will create the bodily aspect of young people. As younger as they are, the worth of becoming physically fit will already be inculcated in their minds. There will be no want for mothers and fathers to explain to their children what to try to eat and how to training mainly because these can presently come in package deal with karate trainings. Moreover, who is aware of in the upcoming they can choose karate as their specialty? Lastly, Karate Training for Little ones can raise self-confidence and self-esteem. In return, these can support children in improving upon their standing in college.

Nevertheless, just before a mother or father can truly make a decision on enrolling their children in karate schools, it would be finest to inform them to begin with and get their permission. You can always convince them by both telling them the rewards that they can get or by telling them how exciting they can be. It would be less complicated if they have friends which they can go with. Accompany them in their very first day and gradually allow for them to stroll their way to the karate college corridors. Most of the time, Karate Trainings for Kids are scheduled every single soon after ordinary class. If you will have a hard time convincing your child, why not make it a relatives affair wherever all of you can participate? It will not only be an particular person benefit but an pleasant and exercise to be in.

Martial arts are excellent bodily pursuits for little ones of all genders and ages. In addition to toning muscles and constructing power with normal human body pounds, fight sports activities and martial arts educate children valuable abilities that can be utilized in the course of existence. Karate and martial arts are fun pastimes with a quantity of disciplines that match a lot of personalities.


Children can rapidly strengthen balance, eye-hand coordination and depth perception by practicing katas and karate kicks. A standard karate practice also focuses on flexibility and stretching for holistic muscle enhancement. Karate pairs combative self-defense skills with deeper philosophies that promote self-respect as well as respect for others. Shy young children can advantage enormously from karate courses by bettering self-self-belief and self-esteem even though daring children can build target and self-handle.

Practice regimes and self-discipline are vital abilities for academic achievements. Karate is a pleasurable way for youngsters to embrace schedules and concentrated practice periods as they function toward their subsequent karate belt. Focus skills and practice capabilities discovered at the dojo translate exceptionally well to house and college. Karate also teaches kids about the significance of setting achievable goals. In karate and other martial arts, little ones can improve their hobby and advance their belt ranking when incorporating new skills, like as sparring or breaking boards.

Karate practices can be tailored for all ages and skill amounts and expanded as youngsters advance. Although karate doesn't have to be competitive, college students can include that feature if they discover it attractive. In truth, it will need to also be home to the karate college students considering that they are nevertheless young and requirements frequent keep an eye on and observance.


About the Author

I am a kids martial arts instructor with about 20 a long time of knowledge teaching martial arts. kids martial arts Houston

Wednesday, June 1, 2011

Kihon, Kata And Kumite: The Three KS Of Karate

Author:
Paul A. Walker



The educational system often talks about the \'Three Rs\' of Reading Writing and Arithmetic. To a casual observer, one might say that the education system was flawed from the very beginning by the fact that it can\'t spell! In Karate, however, we can spell, and the three Ks really are three Ks - Kihon, Kata and Kumite. Let\'s look at each one and explain what it is.

Kihon means Basics. Basics are the fundamentals of our art or style. In Karate, basics are our punches, our kicks, our blocks, our strikes and our stances. In order to build a strong foundation for our karate we must drill and practice the basics constantly. The honing of our basic technique is the very essence of our training and must be taken seriously in order to progress to a high level of skill. If we compare karate to learning a language, our kihon or karate basics are our vocabulary.

Kata means Form. Forms are sequences of movements that are put together in an overall pattern that we must memorize. Kata training includes the elements of direction, technique, speed, power and rhythm. On a deeper level the analysis of kata can lead to many useful discoveries for practical self-defense, since hidden within the different forms are many useful sequences of movements that can be directly applied to different scenarios. Going back to our language analogy, kata can be likened to the grammar of our karate.

Kumite means Partner Work or Sparring. Basic partner work introduces pre-arranged training drills that help us get used to using different punches, kicks, blocks and strikes. Through these set training drills we are able to directly apply our defensive movements and counters against actual attacks.

As we progress in our skill level the drills become harder with a greater element of surprise that is gradually introduced, until we are able to deal with random attacks from multiple opponents. For our language analogy our kumite training is how we express ourselves by using our vocabulary and our grammar appropriately based on any given situation.

By breaking down our karate training into the \'Three Ks\', we are able to focus on each core training element individually, and consequently improve our overall ability through a very systematic approach. Our ultimate goal is to combine these three elements seamlessly so that the \'Three Ks\' become one K -- and that K of course is Karate.

When this seamlessness takes place, you begin operating from a level of what is known in the west as unconscious competence. You don\'t have to think of the individual pieces and parts. Everything fits together and works in harmony almost totally without any direction from the conscious mind. This is the level from which the masters operate and that is why observing them is like watching poetry in motion.

For more information on these individual elements of Karate check out the following FREE Report 'Achieving the Black Belt: How to Successfully Take Your Karate to the Next Level'. You can download it at http://www.freekarateinformation.com.

Keep training hard and don\'t hesitate to contact me if you have any questions at paul@freekarateinformation.com.

Good luck and best wishes on your journey in karate.




About the Author

Paul A. Walker, is a 4th degree black belt karate instructor with over 25 years experience in the martial arts. In 2003 he attained his 4th degree black belt, after studying with the legendary Karate Master, Hirokazu Kanazawa in Tokyo for three years. Get more info at http://www.freekarateinformation.com

Starting To Learn Karate Is Just The Start

Author:
Paul Campbell


Karate as a discipline is more than a form of martial arts; it\'s a way of living. The various advantages of Karate are: Karate increases the hand eye coordination and body reflexes. It enhances the ability to concentrate. Thus it can help students and adults in all areas of their life. Karate is an excellent form of exercise which can not only help reduce and maintain a healthy weight but also increase bodily flexibility. In current times when the crimes and assaults are increasing by the day, Karate gives you an invaluable training to help you defend yourself. Karate increases the positive attitude towards life and confidence of the practitioner. Nowadays, the hectic work life induces lot of stress that can deteriorate our physical and mental well being. Karate gives you an outlet to overcome this stress and convert it into positive energy.

Realizing the tremendous life improving capability of Karate, more and more people are increasingly taking it up as a hobby and serious sport.

With the increasing popularity of Karate amongst kids and adults alike, the Karate learning centers like Karate club at Dudley are flourishing. The Karate clubs at Dudley are prominent karate clubs in England which are dedicated to the discipline of karate. The students of karate clubs at Dudley have represented F.E.K.O (Federation England Karate Organization). The main features of Karate club Dudley are:

The karate clubs at Dudley specialize in both hobby karate and competitive karate. For competitive karate enthusiasts the karate club at Dudley regularly holds the Kata lessons (meaning the forms or patterns of moves) and Kumite lesson meaning the sparring. The karate club at Dudely has certified instructors who are fully insured and cleared by CRB (criminal record bureau) to work with children. The Karate clubs at Dudley also provide full insurance to the students. Karate clubs at Dudley have certified physical trainers to train the students. The physical trainer instructs the students about the diet regimen, weight loss and other key aspects of karate learning.

The Karate club at Dudley is open for children from four years to adult. Special care is taken for the safety of children below six years. Even children and adults with special needs can join Karate club at Dudley.

To help the prospective students make an informed decision the first lesson at most karate clubs at Dudley is free. The membership of Karate club at Dudley is free and students can pay as they take lessons.

If you are a parent and pondering over whether to introduce your child to the sport of Karate or you are an adult wanting to learn Karate then Karate club at Dudley is the right place to start for your child or yourself.



About the Author
For more information on starting karate lessons visit dudley shukokai or dudley karate club

Saturday, May 21, 2011

Karate- The Basic Self Defense Technique

Author:
Imran ali

Basic Self Defense Techniques

Self defense is the act of defending or protecting oneself, and also one’s property from any harm. Everyone has got the right to protect himself from danger and harm through different techniques. One has to learn these techniques and get proper training so that he can defend himself when ever in such a situation.

Karate is a vast course and includes different tactics. Proper training is required to learn karate as it is a full fledge course. Karate teachers and instructors can teach you all about karate to defend yourself in tough situations.

The multiple phases of karate involve; karate bow, eye contact, punching or Chokuzuki and others. Karate is all about using your body and strength to protect yourself.

Eye contact plays an important role in karate. When facing your opponent good use of eye contact is essential. This eye contact in different ways can help you to manipulate your opponent’s thought so that you can take advantage in the fight. The two ways of looking at you opponent are; either look him directly and seriously into the eye or avoid direct eye contact and act as if you are nervous or scared. Both ways are for different situations and it’s up to you how you make good use of this technique.


Karate bow or REI is also an important and basic step in karate. It starts with the feet that are kept together and open hands sit flat on thighs while thumbs are bent. You have to bend your body keeping the back straight and keeping you eyes and head fixed. You have to bow for two to three seconds and then back to normal standing position. This is a signature move of karate. Students are taught karate in early classes as a required training course so that they can help themselves an others.


About the Author

History Of Karate

Author:
Gene Frazier


Many of us today may have known what karate is. In fact, we associate it in every move like kicks and punches. When we see a person wearing kimono, we then presume that he is practicing karate. Karate has been an old age hobby, discipline and a form or art. Many people enroll themselves in karate schools so that they will be equipped with self-defense moves and at the same time maintain the shape of their body.

But there are a lot of people who do not know where karate begun and this is exactly what this article is all about. Before karate was practiced all over the world, it started as something that only a few people appreciate. Let us take a look then at the history of karate in the following paragraphs.

Karate actually originated in China. There are many purposes of karate when it was developed. It allows you to defeat your opponent just utilizing your hands and feet. To be able to do this, a person needs to devote time to practice and enhance his skills. It is not only introduced to the young but also for the adults.

Karate has a literal Japanese meaning of 'empty hands'. This is of course coming from the practical use of the hands without using any weapon. This is a system made which consisted of techniques involving blocking and thwarting the attack thrown upon by an opponent. The modern karate that we know today however is already a product of so many developments and changes added through the course of time especially by those gurus who faithfully carried the traditions of karate.


Karate may be traced back in a hundred of years. It is said that it all started with Daruma, the founder of Zen Buddhism. It was then introduced to China and passed to Japan where it flourished. As a result, karate can be said to be a product of the culture of Japanese people in Okinawa and the philosophical teachings of China. It is only today that all those moves and techniques are really written down and studied upon by karate scholars. Basically, karate was practiced not only to use the body but also to use the presence of mind and determination of the practitioner. This is primarily for one\'s self-defence. This is exactly that reason why too that in every karate school, a person will not only be taught with karate moves but his character will also be formed as a whole.

Before, only a few people know karate. But as time went by, it has become widely practiced. When it reached the West, there were already a lot changes and additional principles added to it yet it remained a discipline which many look up to. Karate is not only practiced by men but also be women. This is due to the rising rate of crimes among women and besides, as already mentioned, it also keeps the body fats away.
The traditional uniform of karate is the kimono, white and pure. They are used to allow the practitioner to easily perform the moves without being limited by the clothes that he wears.



About the Author
For more information about Kids Karate, Check out Free Bronx Karate.

Thursday, May 12, 2011

Karate Basics

Karate-Do is a japanese martial art, introduced from Okinawa in 1922. In japanese Kara means empty ; Te means hand ; Do means the way, so\'Karate-Do\' means\'the way of the empty hand\'. Shuri-Te, Naha-Te, Tomari-Te are the 3 styles of Te ( Hands ) that Karate descended from. Even though it is \'the way of the empty hand\', karate equipment for training is involved.

Karate, like jujutsu and judo, most likely came to America thru 2 primary paths : jap immigrants to Hawaii and the mainland, where it stayed mostly inside the japanese Yank community, although to a smaller degree in Hawaii, and by specialized study by members of the police and the army. It might be safe to claim that the biggest boost to the popularization of karate in America came with the american army occupation of Japan after WWII ; once American soldiers had absorbed the discipline, they returned with it to the States and started to distibute it.

Like most martial-arts active in Japan, Karate made its transition to Karate-Do at the start of the 20th century. Karate-Do does not, contrary to its Chinese relatives, include the utilization of weapons. Any weapons used are exactly within the Okinawan tradition, kobudo, the employment of modified farming tools and common implements as weapons, since \'normal\' weapons were banned in Okinawa. Within Karate and Karate-Do, there are a great number of different Ryu\'s ( styles or colleges ). The most renowned are Shaolin ( Shorin-Ryu,\'Forest style\' ), Shobayashi (\'small forest style\' ), Kobayashi-ryu (\'young forest style\' ), Matsubayashi-ryu, (\'pine forest style\' ), Matsumura Seito (\'Orthodox Style\' ) and Matsumura Motobu (\'Street Style\' ). From these came the more favored styles we have today like Shorinji-ryu ( Kempo ) and Shorei-ryu as well as Shotokan (\'pine wave\' ) and Goju ryu (\'hard-soft way\' ) also Kyokushin (\'ultimate truth\' ). Other main line styles are Seido, Wado Ryu (\'way of peace\' ), Uechi Ryu, and Shito ryu as well as Isshin-ryu. Some styles of karate have teachers that have created hybrids of karate styles like JIKC style which uses a combination of karate styles.

The Shotokan style of Karate is characterized by deep, long stances to provide stability and robust movements. At the other end of the spectrum, Wado-Ryu (\'way of peace\' ) prefers quick and refined body movements ( known as \'tai sabaki\' ) to dodge attacks and swift counter attacks. The Wado-Ryu style was introduced to the west by Sensei Tatsuo Suzuki.

Karate is a hard martial art and emphasises striking techniques ( i.e. Slapping and kicking ) over grappling. Karate can be split into 2 major parts, kumite and kata. Kumite means sparring and develops from well outlined forms to the free form named randori. Kata means forms and is a fight againt imaginary enemies, it is a fixed sequence of moves.

Karate is also a competetive sport although, unlike taekwondo and judo it is not yet an olympic sport. Competition can be in either Kumite or Kata and either as an individual or a team.

Yakusoku Kumite, starts at Green Belt ( Yon-Kyu ) 2 opponents usually square off and fight till a clean point is scored as indicated by one of 2 seated judges by colored flags or seen by the standing referee. At this point sparring is stopped and the point is awarded. Points systems vary but in general a half point ( wazari ) is awarded for a single punch or for a kick to the body. A full point ( ippon ) is given for an attack such as a head kick, any attack following the adversary being brought to the ground or a combination strategy ( renrakuwaza ).

Jiyu Kumite can look more of a fight or street fight. It\'s the more heavy side of the martial arts being done more for defense or close combat\'Real Time\' training than for sport. Though every methodology should be controlled, the wrestlers do push themselves to be their best ( No points are awarded ).

In Kata points are awarded by five seated judges similar to either gymnastics or ice skating contests depending on the quality of the performance. A good Kata performance should perform all of the movements properly but also show a personal interpretation of the movements through one\'s variation in speed. When Kata is performed as a team ( usually of 3 ), it\'s also vital to match the timing of strategies as closely as possible.

In Kumite there are 2 fighters paired up in a timed fight, customarily starting from 2 to 5 minutes. Score is awarded either by methodology or location.

In the U. S. karate tournaments are a well-liked part of karate as a sport, ranging in size from small local gatherings to countrywide events. They\'re often split into classes by ability, age and event type ( Kata, Kumite and weapons-kata ), and have rules depending on location and the chief style ( s ) involved.

More About Karate:
Karate for Dummies
About the Author
Delmar is a writer and Fleshlight

Karate Then and Now

Author:


John Michael Bautista
Upon hearing the word “karate,” people often think of the physical aspects of this martial art. The kicks, punches, and other seemingly impossible moves of karate masters are just the surface of what is truly a martial art steeped in philosophy. For anyone who wants to get into karate, it would be advisable to understand some of the long history and deep philosophy that have helped to make karate what it is today. By understanding the philosophy and history of the defensive martial art known as karate, people will be better disposed to take advantage of the many physical and mental benefits that karate has to offer. This article will cover the basics of the history and philosophy of karate, as well as discuss karate in the contemporary context.

Karate: history of the martial art

Much like other forms of martial arts, karate has a long and colorful history. Karate originates from the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, though it is a martial art that has been heavily influenced by the Chinese kung-fu and the Koren taekwondo. In the 1300s and 1400s, numerous Chinese families moved to Okinawa, Japan and they brought with them different forms of Chinese martial arts. These martial arts as well as other parts of the Chinese culture were being assimilated into Japanese culture.

In the 1600s, a policy was enacted in Japan, banning the use of weapons. It was during this time that karate began to take root and flourish in Japan. The Japanese phrase “karate” means “empty hand,” because it was developed as a form of self-defense during the weapon ban. This martial art would take on many of the Chinese “kata” (“shape” or “model”) used in their martial arts, reinventing them and perfecting them into different karate kata, or fighting stances and postures. Numerous people would begin teaching different forms of karate in and around Japan from the 1800s and onwards.

Karate: a philosophy of honor

Many different forms of karate have developed throughout the years, each with its own philosophy and perception of the martial art. In its original context, however, the philosophy of karate is a form of self-defense that should only be used as a last resort. Those who practice karate train their bodies and their minds, promoting not only mental and physical health, but also spiritual health. The philosophy of karate is vast, but the most influential factors have been Taoism, Buddhism, and the code of Bushido.

Karate today

Karate has come a long way since its origins in the Ryukyu Islands. While there are still a number of people training and living in the traditional ways of karate, this martial art has become a popular sport. Numerous karate tournaments are held all around the world. Karate dojos, where people can go to learn and train in this martial art, have cropped-up all around the world. Since karate has become so wide-spread, many countries have developed their own styles of karate. In the Philippines, for example, arnis karate has developed as a combination of karate and the Filipino martial art of arnis.

Whether people are into karate as a sport, hobby, or profession, this martial art offers many physical and mental benefits. Beyond the physical and mental benefits, however, karate also has a rich history and philosophy that people can learn from. With its ability to enrich and improve the lives of those who study and practice it, karate is truly a powerful martial art.
About the Author
Based in the Philippines, John Michael Bautista enjoys training in karate and studying about the history and philosophy behind the martial art. He is a fan of the mental and physical benefits of this self-defense-based martial art.

Wednesday, May 11, 2011

Heian Shodan Shotokan Karate Kata

Heian Shodan is the 1st Kata In The Heian Series of which there are five kata.


Heian Shodan, translates as peaceful mind first level, practiced in nearly all Shotokan Karate dojo. It is one of the most basic karate kata and is usually the first or second kata a karateka learns. Some karate dojo have kihon kata (Taikyoku Shodan), also know as \'kihon\', as the first kata and some dojo have heian shodan as the first. The heian series is similar to the Pinan series of kata.


This kata uses zenkutsu dachi (front stance) and kokutsu dachi (back stance). It has the first use in shotokan karate kata, of Tettsui-uchi (hammer-fist strike), Age-uke (upper rising block) and Shuto-uke (knife-hand block).


The Tettsui-uchi (hammer-fist strike), is the third move in the kata and there are many different variations. The version we practice, finishes in zenkutsu dachi (front stance) with the Tettsui-uchi at nose height, arm slightly bent.


Here at Karate Classes Online we use Heian Shodan as the testing kata from orange to red belt.



A Master is not one that makes 5000 moves once, but one that makes one move 5000 times. Watch each video below and practice each move many, many times - Remember perfect practice makes perfect! Do not try to do the whole kata in one go. Start with the first move and make that perfect. The next practice the 2nd move until it is perfect, then add it to the first move. Build slowly and ensure that each move is perfect before moving on to the next. Become brilliant at the basics.


The purpose of these videos is to show you that you can practice anywhere â€' even in your back garden.


Please remember that Karate is a dangerous art â€' for others and yourself. Always warm up, and stretch when you have finished. Please use this in conjunction with your own karate teacher.

About the Author
Linden has been training and teaching karate for over 30 years. Get instant access to some free http://karateclassesonline.com'>online karate lessons videos, covering some basic karate moves in detail.

Karate Styles

Karate is a martial art as well as a sport which originated in Okinawa, an island in Japan. Karate is actually a product of indigenous Okinawan fighting techniques and southern Chinese martial arts which came to influence their ways. Karate features punching, kicking, knee/elbow strikes and open hand methods.  However, it may also include methods such as grappling, joint manipulations, locks, restraints and throws.
Karate is categorized and differentiated with others because of its use the hips and certain stances to generate striking power. There are also distinctive breathing methods that are used to generate power within. The common prearranged forms which are basically needed to be memorized are called kata. A student or a practitioner who involve himself or herself in karate is referred to as a karate-ka. Karate is also called karate-dō by traditional practitioners.
Karate training is basically divided into three major areas which a student needs to go through. These are the basics, the forms, and ultimately the sparring. The stage of Basic motion (Kihon) refers to the study of the fundamental techniques of the karate. In this stage, a student will be learning the principles and core values of karate. Forms (Kata) on the other hand are movements and techniques which are predetermined. They are remembered like steps in the dance. These forms are necessary because they serve as foundation in learning higher levels of karate. The last stage is the Sparring. In this part, a karate-do will have to apply the theories as well as the forms which he/she has learned in all the karate lessons. They are often done with actual partners whom stand as imagined opponents.
There are many karate styles. To know them, here is a list which enumerates the most common ones.

  • Goju-ryu karate - This style belongs to the hard/soft school of Karate. It is one of the four original Okinawan styles of Karate which was founded by Chojun Miyagi.
  • Shotokan karate -Shotokan is also one of the four main schools of Karate in Japan. Its common traits are its long and deep stances and the use of inear movements. Competitions and tournaments are common in Shotokan karate style.
  • Wado-ryu karate - This style was developed by Otsuka Hironori. It is a combination of Shotokan karate, Jujutsu, grappling and Tai Sabaki styles. It does not have the tough exercises that common karate styles require but use methods to evade opponents instead.
  • Shito-ryu karate - this Karate style was developed by karate master named Kenwa Mabuni. It is a combination of the kata and techniques of Gojuryu KArate and Shuri-Te Ka. They are known for their square-on stances and linear strikes.
  • Kenpo karate - Kenpo Karate is a popular in the United States. This is because it involves complete fighting techniques. Kenpo balances the use of hands and feet.  It also involves the learning of Kata. Experts of Kenpo style usually wear black uniforms.
When a person enters a karate school, he should have at least a good look on the karate styles. This is to allow him to choose what style he is best suited. Aside from that, it focuses the attention of the student beforehand.
About the Author
For more information about Karate Styles, visit Karate Classes In The Bronx.

How To Start Learning Karate

Popularity of Karate is growing as a hobby and sport. Teenagers to adults have realized the tremendous potential that Karate carries to improve the physical and mental well being. If you are a resident of Briery Hill who either wants to join a Karate club or want to enroll your kid into a karate club then here are some tips that would help you to find the right Karate club at Briery Hill:

When looking for a Karate club in Briery hill, check out if the club is affiliated to any major organization such as JKA, KUGB, KARATE ENGLAND, ITKF or any other major group. This ensures the consistency in method of teaching and advancement to higher levels.

Check out the credentials of the instructors of the Karate club at Briery Hill that you plan to join. The Dan grade that the instructor holds is very important in determining the quality of training you would receive.

In case of accidents, to secure yourself from any liability make sure that the instructor has the Public liability Insurance/Indemnity insurance.

During karate practices students at times may get hurt The Karate club at Briery Hill that you choose must have a personnel present all the time during the classes who is trained in delivering First Aid or the instructor must hold a fist aid certificate.

All the personnel at the Karate club at Briery Hill should be CRB (Criminal record Bureau) cleared. This is especially important if you are sending your children to such clubs. The Karate club should have emergency procedures such as fire exist to combat any untoward accident.

Choosing a Karate club at Briery hill is not only about infrastructure but also whether the Karate Club at Briery hill is in line with your expectations. Here are some pointers that can help you in choosing the right Karate Club at Briery hill whose Karate style and emphasis matches your expectations and Karate goals.

Observe the training session at the Karate club at least once or twice to get a feel about the way classes are run, how instructors interact with the students? What is the overall ambience of the Karate club training session and whether you or your kid would be comfortable training there?

Introspect to know what is it that you want from karate? Do you want to pursue Karate as a hobby or as a serious sport? Whether your karate learning goal is to exercise or learning combat style karate? Answers to these questions will help you to choose the right Karate club which can serve your expectations the best.

Instructors play a very important role in determining your overall learning experience at the Karate club. Interact with your instructor, talk to him/her about your expectations and whether the instructors Karate style fits into it or not?

Last but not the least; do not pay the membership in the first instance. Take some time, avail some free lessons if the karate club at Briery hill offers one and then put any money on the table. At the same time do not compromise on quality for money.
About the Author
If you are interested in starting karate in the midlands
then visit dudley karate
and karate dudley

Shotokan Karate Can Help Kickstart Your Day

Shotokan Karate is a Karate style that was developed by Gichin Funakoshi and his son Gigo Funakoshi. The shotokan training can be divided into three broad parts: Kihon meaning basic. Kata which means patterns of moves or forms. Kumite meaning punches and kicks.

The moves in Kihon and Kata are deep long postures that make the movements powerful and make legs stronger. Because of its approach and training style Shotokan is considered \'tough\' and \'exterior\' martial arts. The beginners are trained in power, strength development and fast moves.

Kumite part of the Shotokan training is similar to Kihon and Kata training in the beginning but later adopts a more flexible approach compared to the kata and Kihon training.

Shotokan karate benefits its practitioners in numerous ways: Shotokan Karate enhances the hand eye coordination and body reflexes. This can help you improve your driving. For kids it is very effective in improving their sporting skills. It enhances the ability to concentrate. It helps the kids and adults alike in improving various aspects of life. Shotokan Karate is an excellent form of exercise not only to reduce weight but also to increase power and endurance. Shotokan Karate teaches you one of the most powerful martial arts style. This can help you defend yourself or your near and dear ones in hour of need. Shotokan Karate enthuses positive energy into the body, this improves the over mental and physical performance of Shotokan Karate practitioners in all areas of life.

Shotokan karate is very specialized karate style that can be taught well only by good Shotokan karate clubs. If you are looking for Shotokan karate clubs in Dudley make sure to choose the best. Here are some questions to ask before joining any Shotokan Karate club at Dudley:

Is the Shotokan Karate club enlisted with the local chamber of commerce or better business bureau?

What is frequency of the classes and cost per lesson? Prefer paying per lesson fee or month by month over a lump sum fee in the beginning. Does the Shotokan karate club have any affiliations? Affiliations play a vital part in ensuring the consistency in the method of teaching and advancement procedure.

What is the primary emphasis of the Shotokan karate club? Is it competitive karate training or simple exercise? Are your shotokan karate goals in line with the focus of the Shotokan Karate club? It would not work out well if you want to do Shotokan karate for exercise while the main focus of the club is on competitive Shotokan Karate.

How are Instructors? How is your experience after interacting with the instructors and other students? Are they friendly, social and open?

How was your experience while watching the martial art training session?

Answers to the above questions will lead you the right Shotokan karate club that meets your expectation the best.
About the Author
For more information about starting karate as a sport then visit dudley karate
and karate dudley

Sunday, May 1, 2011

Real Karate Is More Than Just Kicks And Punches

Author:
Brue Baker



With all the different styles of martial arts that are practiced today karate is definitely the most popular. There are karate studios all over the country in virtually every town and city. They are not all the same, however, as the best ones will teach traditional Japanese karate, which involves more than just self-defense techniques.

Karate is a truly incredible art form, one which is built upon the basic concept of merging the body and mind into a defensive weapon and using it to protect not only ones own self, but others as well.

Karate has actually always been one of the most practiced martial art forms in the world, and it strongly relies on physical coordination and mental focus. There are many different physics that are involved with this particular type of martial arts, and this is important because in any fight between two people, both of the fighters bring in a certain amount of energy to the situation.

Generally a stronger person will be able to exert more energy and stamina than a weaker one, but this does not mean that they will always come out on top. It is also important to realize that just because someone is taller this certainly does not mean that they are stronger or in any way that they will come out as the victor simply because of their physical stature.


The Importance of Concentration

Concentration is one of the key elements involved in karate. First of all, you have to begin by learning how to focus on your breathing and making your mind still. This will eventually enable you to concentrate all of your focus on one part of your body, your hand for example when throwing a punch.

Learning how to focus with all of their intensity is how martial artists can generate so much force behind a punch or kick. Without the proper concentration no moves can be made properly and they will not be effective.

You also have to have serious dedication in order to be successful at this martial art form, and if you are interested in learning about it, then there are a few steps involved in doing so.



What to Expect When You Start Learning Karate

When you first start learning karate, you are going to be introduced to certain individual techniques, which include single blocks and strikes, for instance. These are basically the easiest of all to learn and are the basic fundamentals of the martial art form.

These fundamentals are incorporated into so many of the other, more advanced karate moves that they are basically essential to learn in order to progress to higher learning. As stated above good karate instruction will also be centered around mental focus and discipline, not just kicks and punches.

If you are interested in bettering your mind and spirit as well as learn how to defend yourself, karate classes might be right for you or your children. It is also a great way to get in physical shape while having fun at the same time.

Look around your local area for classes, but remember to make sure that you are learning traditional Japanese karate and not some trendy strip mall self defense.

About the Author
Brue M. Baker, is an expert on natural health and fitness who has helped people from across the world sky-rocket their health and well-being. Rather than hitting your head against a wall trying to find unbiased health information let Brue take you by the hand and give you the best natural health information and resources on the web. Visit DietHealthAndFitness.com to learn more.

Several Facts About Karate

Author:
Alex Olson


Contrary to popular opinion, the martial art Karate was not invented in China. Rather, it has its origins in the island of Okinawa in Japan. The word 'Karate' means the 'empty hand' or the 'Chinese hand', and it has been given this name because it involves a rapid use of hands and legs in an extreme close combat.

It was sometime in the sixteenth century that Chinese Kung Fu fighters experimented around with their styles and formulated the 'te' technique ('Te' means hand). The art grew in China and evolved from a very rough and simple fighting style into a hard, close-combat style.

Around the late nineteenth century, Gichin Funakoshi, a famous martial arts practitioner from Japan, blended new moves into the 'Te' style and displayed his art to the Japanese martial arts masters in early twentieth century. This was the beginning of Karate, as we know it.

Karate kicked off with the original Okinawa style; later on, the Japanese patented their own styles, which are now appropriately called Japanese styles of Karate. With time, many karate schools all cross the world began naming their Karate after their school\'s or master\'s name, giving birth to many sub-styles.

The original style - known as the Okinawa style - is a very hard and external style. It employs circular means of defense while its attack is linear in nature. The physical condition is extremely rigorous, as compared to the Japanese style of Karate. The Japanese style of Karate is more stylistic and its movements are linear in both defense and offense.

Some of the important Karate sub-styles are: (i) Wado-Ryu style, which combines JiuJitsu movements with Okinawa karate techniques, and (ii) Uechi-Ryu style, which blends Okinawa Karate with Chinese martial arts tactics. The Uechi-Ryu style appears more Chinese than Japanese though it is a blend of both the cultures.

As you know, Karate is a fast-paced martial art that involves electric movements of the hands and legs. So, you need to ensure that you are attired in a comfortable Karate uniform.

As Karate involves close combat and can be lethal, you will also need to protect your head and groin by strapping on a head guard and groin protector, respectively. Arm, chest and leg guards are available too, and so are karate mitts and shin protectors. And, of course, mouth guards can be considered too, just in case.

To train for Karate, you will need jump ropes, breakable boards, a Karate training board and a Karate training system. To perform Karate exercises, you will need leg and body stretchers, mats, water training bags, punching bags and pull-up and push-up bars.

And, finally, before you go out there to practice Karate, do not forget to plug in a first aid kit in your bag.

Karate not only keeps your body fit, it also strengthens your mind and enhances your concentration. Only thing, you must learn to respect it and practice it seriously as an art.


About the Author

Alex Olson is a professional journalist. Being interested in martial arts, she wrote some highly popular articles about karate and many more.

AimeeSmart.com: What's Hot

Twitter Delicious Facebook Digg Stumbleupon Favorites More

 
Design by Free WordPress Themes | Bloggerized by Lasantha - Premium Blogger Themes | Modern Warfare 3